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Published online
12/02/2009
V.G. Gagarin, A.K. Klerman
Two new species of
free-living nematodes (Nematoda) from the Mediterranean Sea........... 1–7
(in Russian with English Summary)
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A.O. Smurov, A.Yu.
Komendantov, V.V. Khalaman
Salinity tolerance polygon of
Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1761 (Polychaeta: Nereidae)...... 9–16
(in Russian with English Summary)
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I.V. Mekhanikova, V.V.
Takhteev
Cuticular nonsensory
microstructures of amphipods from Lake Baikal (Crustacea:
Amphipoda), their taxonomic and adaptive
significance........................................................ 17–37
(in Russian with English Summary)
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L.P. Flyachinskaya, P.A.
Lezin
Larval and juvenile shell
development in the White Sea bivalve Hiatella arctica
(Linnaeus,
1767).............................................................................................................................
39–46
(in Russian with English Summary)
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G.S. Slyusarev, A.S.
Cherkasov
Structure and supposed
feeding mechanisms of the plasmodium of Intoshia linei
(Orthonectida)...............................................................................................................................
47–51
(in English with Russian Summary)
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I.J. Kaprus’
Revision of the palearctic
Onychiurus species of obsiones group (Collembola: Onychiuridae)
....................................................................................................................................................53–64
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A. Szeptycki, J.
Shrubovych
Acerentomon brozai
sp.n. and similar species (Protura: Acerentomidae)
.........................65–73
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Book Reviews
Äîííàÿ ôàóíà çàëèâà
Íÿ÷àíã, Þæíûé Âüåòíàì,
Â.Â. Ìàëàõîâ......................................75–76
(in Russian)
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Ïðîòèñòû: Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî
çîîëîãèè. ×àñòü 2,
Ñ.À. Êàðïîâ...............................................77–81
(in Russian )
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Printed in April 2008
A.A. Vagelli
New observations on the
asexual reproduction of
Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)
with comments on its life cycle and adaptive
significance..................................................
111–127
(in English with Russian Summary)
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V.P. Nikishin
Structure and differentiation
of tissues of cysticercoids 1. Fine morphology
of the diplocyst of Aploparaksis bulbocirrus (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae)
at the early stages of postembryogenesis.............................................................................
129–138
(in Russian with English Summary)
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O.O. Tolstenkov, N.B.
Terenina, N.M. Shalaeva, T.V. Gaivoronskaja
The organization of the
muscular system and the distribution of NO-ergic
and serotoninergic elements of trematodes Allocreadium isoporum Looss,
1894
(Allocreadiidae) and Paramphistomum cervi Zeder, 1790 (Paramphistomatidae)...............................................................................................................
139–149
(in Russian with English Summary)
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S.G. Sokolov, B.E. Kazakov
Redescription of the male of
Philometra rischta Skrjabin, 1923 (Nematoda:
Dracunculoidea: Philometridae) and notes on morphology
of the female of this
species....................................................................................................
151–160
(in Russian with English Summary)
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L.A. Kutikova
Five species of rotifers of
the family Flosculariidae (Rotifera),
their larvae and
metamorphosis..............................................................................................
161–172
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M.V. Vinarski, S.I.
Andreeva, N.I. Andreev, E.A. Lazutkina, A.V. Karimov
Diversity of gastropods in
the inland waterbodies of Western Siberia
..............................................................................................
173–183
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E.M. Sayenko, S.K. Kholin
Glochidia morphology of two
species of
Nodularia (Bivalvia: Unionidae:
Nodulariinae) from Primorye
Territory...................................................................................
185–194
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A.B. Shatrov
Electron-microscopic
organization of the midgut and excretory organ
in the adult water mite, Teutonia cometes (Koch, 1837) (Parasitengona:
Hydrachnidia: Teutoniidae) and its evolutionary
implication............................................ 195–208
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F. Boero
The story of the Hydrozoan
Society, 1983–2007...............................................................
209–215
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Redescription
of
Tegastes nanus Sars, 1904 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Tegastidae) from
Spitsbergen in the Arctic Ocean
Frank D. Ferrari1, Pavel V.
Rybnikov2, Hans-U. Dahms3
1 IZ/MSC; MRC-534, National Museum
of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland,
MD 20746, U.S.A.
2 P.P. Shirshov Institute of
Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia
3 National Taiwan Ocean University,
Institute of Marine Biology, 2 Pei-Ning Road, KEELUNG, Taiwan, 202
Abstract: Tegastes nanus Sars, 1904
(Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Tegastidae) is reported from Ny Ålesund, Spitsbergen
(Svalbård) in the Arctic Ocean. The morphology of adult females and males is
redescribed. Specimens from Ny Ålesund are similar to Norwegian specimens
collected by Sars from Eggesbønes and Ålesund, as well as to published
descriptions of specimens of this species by Chislenko (1967) from the White
Sea. Specimens from Ny Ålesund, Eggesbønes and Ålesund differ from published
description of the species collected in the Gulf of Maine (McAlice & Coffin,
1990) by the shape of the extension of the genital somite plus 6th thoracic
somite of females, the spermatophore reservoir of males, and several limbs.
This is the first detailed description of the mouthparts of T. nanus and the
first report of a harpacticoid copepod from Spitsbergen.
(in English with Russian Summary)
Published online in May 25, 2007; printed in July 24,
2007
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Notes ontaxonomy and
biology of the symbiotic shrimp Vir euphyllius Marin et Anker, 2005 (Decapoda:
Palaemonidae: Pontoniinae), associated with scleractinian corals Euphyllia
spp. (Cnidaria: Caryophyllidae)
I.N. Marin
Laboratory of ecology and morphology
of marine invertebrates, A.N. Severtzov Institute of ecology and evolution
RAS, Leninsky prospect, 33, Moscow, 117071, Russia.
ABSTRACT: Recent collections of
numerous specimens of shrimps associated with cariophyllid corals in Nhatrang
Bay, Vietnam, add new data to the taxonomy and biology of the pontoniine
shrimp Vir euphyllius Marin et Anker, 2005. A comparison of the morphology and
coloration of the freshly collected specimens with the type material of V.
pareuphyllius Marin et Anker, 2005 and V. euphyllius leads to the conclusion
that V. pareuphyllius should be considered as junior synonym of V. euphyllius.
A key to the species of the genus Vir Holthuis, 1952 is provided. In Nhatrang
Bay, V. euphyllius is exclusively associated with three species of the
caryophyllid coral genus Euphyllia Dana, 1846. The shrimps appear to live in
heterosexual pairs and are possibly territorial and aggressive towards
conspecifics.
(in English with Russian Summary)
Published online in May 25, 2007; printed in July 24,
2007
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Occurence of
the Australian cladoceran Armatalona macrocopa (Sars, 1894) (Cladocera:
Anomopoda: Chydoridae) in Thailand
Artem Yu. Sinev1, Sawitri Nachai2 and La-orsri Sanoamuang2
1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State
University, Vorob’evy Gory, Moscow 119992 Russia.
2 Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of
Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
ABSTRACT: A chydorid cladoceran, Armatalona macrocopa (Sars, 1894) known from
Australia and New Zealand, was found in North-East Thailand. This is a new
record for Thailand and for the Asian fauna. Morphology of the specimens from
Thailand and distribution of the genus Armatalona Sinev, 2004 are discussed.
(in English with Russian Summary)
Published online in May 25, 2007; printed in July 24,
2007
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Redescription of
Remaneicaris ignotus (Dussart, 1983), a Parastenocarididae (Copepoda:
Harpacticoida) with an unusual set of plesiomorphic characters
Paulo Henrique Costa Corgosinho1, Pedro Martinez Arbizu2,
Edinaldo Nelson dos Santos-Silva3
1
Plankton Laboratory, CPBA/ INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936 Petrópolis, CP 478,
69011-970, Manaus-AM, Brazil.
2
DZMB — Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven,
Germany.
3 Plankton Laboratory, CPBA/ INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936 Petrópolis, CP 478,
69011-970, Manaus-AM, Brazil.
Abstract: In the course of a phylogenetical analysis of the family
Parastenocarididae we re-describe here both sexes of Remaneicaris ignotus
(Dussart, 1983) and its phylogenetic position within the genus Remaneicaris is
briefly discussed. This species can be distinguished from the other species of
the genus by the following autapomorphies: absence of an outer seta on the
basis of the leg 1 in both sexes; presence of a very sclerotized body of
uneven cuticle; presence of a less sclerotized plate between the fifth legs
that is not homologous to an intercoxal plate, and presence of an
irregularly-shaped endopod of leg 4 in males, which is hirsute on the proximal
outer margin and with a distal hyaline seta. This species also can be easily
identified by the presence of several unusual plesiomorphic characters,
unknown so far from any other member of the genus, such as a dorsal
integumental window on all urosomites, an inner seta on the basis of leg 1 in
males and females, the ventral position of leg 5 and the linear distribution
of the proximal outer row of spinules on exopodite 1 of legs 2 and 4.
(in English with Russian Summary)
Published online in May 25, 2007; printed in July 24,
2007
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The growth of endemic
Baikalian snail Maackia herderiana (Lindholm, 1909) (Caenogastropoda:
Baicaliidae)
N.V. Maximova, T.Ya. Sitnikova, I.B. Mizandrontsev
Limnological Institute SB RAS, Ulan-Batorskaya 3, Irkutsk 664033, Russia.
ABSTRACT: The characteristics of growth as estimated with shell size and body
mass changes in endemic Baikalian snail Maackia herderiana (Caenogastropoda:
Baicaliidae) have been studied. It was shown that the snails grow during all
their life. The growth rate of shell is not constant and depends on season and
age. Body mass of the snail changes according to an equation: dM/dt = á(t)·M,
where coefficient α depends on time t. Compared to other freshwater mollusks,
the initial stage of mass growth in M. herderiana is much longer and takes up
to half of the life span. The specific growth rate is the highest during the
initial stages of development, with absolute growth rate higher during the
maturation period. During the period of fast shell growth, increase in body
mass is slow, but becomes rapid following the cessation of fast shell growth.
The relative weight of soft body parts increases significantly with age: from
4% of the total weight in newly-hatched spat to about 30% in mature snails,
which is approximately twice as low as in other palaearctic mollusks. During
the first three years of life, shell length increases faster then width.
Coefficients of allometric equation are not constant and with variable rates
of increase in shell height and body mass.
(in Russian with English Summary)
Published online in May 25, 2007; printed in July 24,
2007
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Revision of
Buskiella
McIntosh, 1885 (including Flota Hartman, 1967), and description of
its trifid organ (Polychaeta: Flotidae)
S.I. Salazar-Vallejo1,2, A.E. Zhadan3
1 Departamento
de Ecología Acuática, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Chetumal, México
2 Visiting Curator, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles,
California, U.S.A.
3 White Sea Biological Station, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University,
Russia.
ABSTRACT: The species included in both Buskiella McIntosh, 1885, and Flota
Hartman, 1967 are revised on the basis of type and non-type materials, as well
as on published accounts. Both genera are synonyms and the former has
priority; the species included are B. abyssorum McIntosh, 1885, B.
flabelligera (Hartman, 1967) comb.n., and B. vitjasi (Buzhinskaya, 1977)
comb.n. Two other species previously included in the genus (B. borealis
Hartman, 1965 and B. minuta Amoureux, 1986) are non-pelagic flabelligerids
belonging elsewhere. The three Buskiella species are re-described, and an
identification key is included. Further, the trifid organ is being described
in details for the first time; this unique organ is neither a palp nor a
branchial radiole. A similar structure has been reported in Paralvinella
Desbruyères & Laubier, 1982. The
independent status of Flotidae has been challenged, but its oligomery (body
with few segments), trifid organ, and nervous system are unique, so this
status deserves to be retained.
(in English with Russian Summary)
Published online in May 25, 2007; printed in July 24,
2007
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Deep-water Actiniaria from East Pacific
hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
N.P. Sanamyan, K.E. Sanamyan
Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Institute of Geography FEB RAS, Partizanskaya 6,
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683000, Russia.
ABSTRACT: Four species of sea anemones from East Pacific hydrothermal vents and
one species from cold seeps are discussed. A species from cold seeps, Seepactis
galkini gen. nov., sp. nov, possesses acontia and belongs to Kadosactiidae.
Previously the specimens of this species were preliminarily referred to the
ultraabyssal actinostolid Hadalanthus knudseni. Cyananthea hydrothermala, an
obligate hydrothermal species and genus known previously only from an incomplete
damaged specimen is redescribed and tentatively assigned to the Actinoscyphiidae.
Cyananthea is closely related to several monotypic genera described recently
from hydrothermal vents, especially to Pacmanactis and Marianactis which were
assigned to the Actinostolidae by their authors. In our opinion these genera
should be removed from the Actinostolidae and placed in the same family as
Cyananthea. Three other recorded species belong to the Hormathiidae: Phelliactis
hydrothermala sp.n., Phelliactis callicyclus and Paraphelliactis pabista.
(in English with Russian Summary)
Published online in
August 07, 2007; printed in July 24, 2007
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Redescription of Limnoithona tetraspina Zhang et Li,
1976 (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) with a discussion of character states shared with
the Oithonidae and older cyclopoids
Bernardo Barroso do Abiahy, Carlos Eduardo Falavigna
da Rocha, Frank D. Ferrari
1 Avenida Manuel Hipolito do Rego 1270/ap. 09,
11.600-000 Sao Sebastiao, SP, Brasil
2 Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências,
Departamento de Zoologia, Rua do Matão, travessa 14, No. 321, 05508-900 São
Paulo, Brazil
3 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, MRC-534, National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Rd.,
Suitland, MD 20746 U.S.A.
Abstract: Limnoithona tetraspina Zhang et Li, 1976 is
redescribed, and the morpho-logy of the cephalosome, rostral area, oral
appendages, legs 1–6 and urosome of adult males and females is illustrated.
Morphological features separating L. tetraspina from its only congener, L.
sinensis, include: a more pronounced rostrum; 1 seta more on the proximal lobe
of the basis of the maxillule; 1 seta more on the endopod of the maxillule;
middle endopodal segment of swimming legs 2–4 with 1 seta more; proximal and
distal seta of the middle endopodal segment of swimming leg 4 with a flange;
exopod of leg 5 with a proximal lateral seta; male cephalosome ventrally with
pores with cilia. A rounded projection between labrum and rostrum is a shared
derived state for both species of Limnoithona. Derived morphological features
of the remaining species of Oithonidae, which are not shared with L.
tetraspina and L. sinensis, include: elongation of the mandibular basis;
fusion of the proximal endopodal segment of the mandible of females to the
basis; 2 setae of the fused proximal endopodal segment of the mandible extend
ventral to labrum; 3 setae on the proximal complex of three endopodal segments
of the maxilliped. The two species of Limnoithona do not belong to the
Oithonidae. They appear to be closely related to species of Cyclopettidae, but
at this time it would not be meaningful to assign them to a known family of
the Cyclopoida or to propose a new family for them. The following
morphological attributes which are shared with different related cyclopoids
also are discussed: shape of female cephalosome; pores with cilia on male
cephalosome; setation of basis and proximal segment of the endopod of the
mandible; brush-like setae on the exopod of the mandible; setation of the
maxillule including brush-like seta on the exopod; hyaline flange on setae of
the endopod of swimming leg 4; lateral location of copulatory pores and leg 6
of females, and of leg 5 in both genders; configuration of leg 5.
(in English with Russian Summary)
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New benthopelagic aetideids (Crustacea: Copepoda:
Calanoida) from deep Antarctic waters
Elena L. Markhaseva1, Knud Schulz2
1Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
2DZMB-Senckenberg, Biozentrum Grindel & Zoologisches
Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg D-20146, Germany.
Abstract: Three new and one rare benthopelagic aetideid
species of Bradyetes and Pseudeuchaeta are described from female specimens
collected during the German expeditions ANDEEP I–III in 2002 and 2005 from
bathy- and abyssopelagic depths above the sea bed. Pseudeuchaeta acuticornis
sp.n. is distinguished from congeners by 5 setae on the second endopodal
segment of mandible, presence of lateral spine on the first exopodal segment
of P1 and 3 setae on the maxillule coxal endite. P. acuticornis is the second
representative of the genus found in high Antarctic waters. Bradyetes
weddellanus sp.n. differs from the other species of the genus by, among other
states, a very small sensory appendage on the syncoxa of maxilliped, a short
lateral spine of P1 exopod segment 2, one additional seta on the distal
segment of antennule. Bradyetes curvicornis sp.n. is distinguished from
congeners by the number of setae on the second endopodal segment of mandible
and maxillulary endopod and a very long sensory appendage on the syncoxa of
maxilliped. Within Bradyetes both new species are distinctly larger than their
congeners. Furthermore, present collections yielded female specimens of
Bradyetes cf. inermis from the South Atlantic and in the Southern Ocean; these
are the first records for Bradyetes from the southern hemisphere.
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The nervous system ontogeny in cestodes and
amphilinids
N.M. Biserova1, J.V. Korneva2
1Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology,
Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia
2Institute for Biology of Inland Waters RAS, Borok,
Nekouz, Yaroslavl distr. 152742, Russia.
ABSTRACT: The nervous system (NS) development in all
stages of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas, 1781) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea),
and also juvenile and adult Amphilina foliacea Rud., 1819 (Amphilinida) were
studied. The first experimental data concerning the relationship between
larval and adult nervous systems in Cestoda have been obtained. Significant
differences in the ontogeny of the CNS in amphilinids and cestodes have been
observed. We have shown that the oncosphere stage of Cestodes lacked an
integrated nervous system because a neuropile and synapses between neurons
were absent. Paired neurons (2–4) form contact only with myofibrills of the
larval hooks and the body-wall muscle cells. The main processes of
development, differentiation and integration in the CNS take place during the
first parasitic procercoid stage when the cerebral ganglion, median commissure
and main cords are usually formed. The pioneer neurons transit from oncosphere
and indicate a way for developing nerves. Undifferentiated cells and
developing neurites gather (congregate) around growth axons of the pioneer
neurons. Cytodifferentiation of the uni- and bipolar neurons differs from that
of the multipolar neurons. The PNS is formed at the next plerocercoid stage,
in which also the CNS and sensory organs expand. The nervous system never
stops growing in adult cestodes. Growth and formation of main cords and
compartments innervating the reproductive organs occur from the stem cells
from the neck region.
According to the data by Rohde (1994) and Xylander
(2000), lycophora larva of amphilinides has well developed neuropile and many
different sensory structures. We showed that young worm has two symmetrical
cerebral ganglia of equal size and the connecting median commissure running
between the frontal organ and uterus. Adult CNS has an asymmetrical position
of the cerebral ganglion, many ganglionar knots in MCs and several
well-developed caudal ganglia. In contrast to adult cestodes, the nervous
system of adult amphilinids lacks undifferentiated nerve cells. The CNS of
amphilinids is more concentrated and has metamerism features. The amphilinids’
CNS has several types of glial cells which produce myeline-like envelopes of
the cerebral ganglia and main cords.
In contrast to amphilinds, the cells of the excretory
system in adult T. nodulosus can exert glial function and form unique
envelopes of the cerebral ganglia and main cords in early stages of ontogeny.
We have shown that in the procercoid stage, CNS develops ahead of the
development of the excretory system.
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Phylogenetic relationships within Schminkepinellidae
fam. n., a new monophyletic group of marine cyclopinids (Cyclopoida:
Copepoda), description of two new genera and four new species
Pedro Martinez Arbizu
DZMB — Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Südstrand 44,
26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
ABSTRACT: The new family Schminkepinellidae fam.n.
includes five genera: three known ones: Muceddina Jaume et Boxshall, 1996,
Barathicola Humes, 1999, and Cyclopinella, Sars 1913, and 2 new genera:
Einslepinella gen.n. and Schminkepinella gen.n. The new monophyletic group is
characterised by the absence of a coxal endite on the maxillule, and by the
spinal condition of the distal inner element on the middle endopodal segment
of leg 4. A phylogenetic analysis shows Muceddina to be the relatively most
primitive taxon, followed in sequence by Barathricola, Cyclopinella,
Einslepinella gen.n. and Schminkepi-nella gen.n. It is argued, that at least,
species belonging to Einslepinella gen.n. may be loosely associated with
invertebrates.
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A comparative study of two sympatric subspecies of
trematodes, Bunodera luciopercae luciopercae (Müller, 1776) and B. l. acerinae
Roitman et Sokolov, 1999 (Trematoda: Bunoderidae)
S.G. Sokolov1, D.G. Tseitlin1, K.I. Afanasyev2, T.V.
Malinina2, G.A. Rubtsova2
1 Institute of parasitology RAS, Leninskij pr., 33,
Moscow 119071, Russia.
2 Vavilov’s institute of general genetic RAS, Goobkina
st. , 3, Moscow 117809, Russia.
ABSTRACT: Two subspecies of trematodes, Bunodera
luciopercae luciopercae (Müller, 1776) and B. l. acerinae Roitman et Sokolov,
1999 differ in morphological and genetical characters and hostality. Findings
confirm Roitman and Sokolov’s (1999) point of view about necessity for
taxonomic division of B. luciopercae s. lato.
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The answer to Thomas
Bartolomaeus:
Larva of phoronid Phoronopsis harmeri Pixell, 1912 has trimeric coelom
organization”
E.N. Temereva, V.V. Malakhov
Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Moscow State
University, Vorobjevy Gory, Moscow, 119992, Russia. e-mail: temereva@mail.ru
ABSTRACT: Traditionally phoronids are considered as
achricoelomate animals, because phoronid larvae and adult have trimeric coelom
organization. Recent investigations of Dr. Bartolomaeus revealed that
phoronids larvae have only one coelom, namely metacoel, and therefore
phoronids can not be considered as archicoelomate organisms. Microscopical
anatomy and ultrastructure of Phoronopsis harmeri larva coelomic system were
investigated by methods of histology and electron microscopy. Larva has three
parts of coelom such as protocoel, mesocoel, metacoel. The first has
cylindrical shape and lies in the preoral lobe under aboral organ. The second
is horseshoe-shaped which is open on the dorsal side and lies in the basis of
tentacular ring. Coelomic canals go away from mesocoel horseshoe to each
tentacle. Metacoel lies in the hyposphere from tentacular ring to telotroch
and has shape of cylinder which gathers round the digestive tract. Metacoel
divides into right and left parts by ventral mesentery. Lining of protocoel is
formed by monociliary epithelial cells which connected by apical adherens
junctions and ECM (extracellular matrix) lying under these cells. Thus
protocoel lining reperesents true epithelium. Mesocoel lining consists of
monociliary myoepithelial cells lying on ECM of ectodermal epithelium and
forming wall of tentacular blood vessels in each tentacle. Monociliary
myoepithelial cells form metacoel lining. Data of this work reveal that
phoronids larvae of Phoronopsis genera do have trimeric organization of coelom.
Trimeric organization is original state of phoronid larvae coelomic system.
KEYWOrDS: Archicoelomate conception, Phoronida, larvae,
coelomic system.
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Electra korobokkura sp. n., a new species of
cheilostome bryozoan from the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan
E.A. Nikulina
Institut fur Geowissenschaften der Christian-Albrechts
Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel, D-24118, Germany
Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften,
Düsternbroocker Weg 20, Kiel, D-24105, Germany. e-mail: en@gpi.uni-kiel.de
ABSTRACT: A new species of cheilostome bryozoan of the
genus Electra is described from the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan. The
species Electra korobokkura sp.n. can be distinguished from the closely
related species E. arctica by colony morphology and zooid sizes. Zooids of E.
korobokkura are distinctly smaller, and colonies comprise uniserial to narrow
oligoserial chains; in E. arctica, colonies usually form compact fan-shaped
patches. In the diagnosis, genetic data are included: partial sequences of the
18S and 16S rDNA. The data can be used for molecular identification of the
species.
KEYWORDS: taxonomy, Electra, Cheilostomata, Bryozoa.
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Description of the water mite larva Sperchon
tridentatus Sokolow (Acariformes, Sperchontidae)
P.V. Tuzovskij
Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavl Province, 152742, Russia. e-mail: tuz@ibiw.yaroslavl.ru
ABSTRACT: The first illustrated description of the larva
of Sperchon tridentatus Sokolow and emended larval diagnosis of the genus
Sperchon Kramer are given. Larvae are reared from the eggs laid by females in
the laboratory settings (glass cylinders, diameter of 15 mm, and height of 10
mm). The embryonic development was completed in 11–14 days at room
temperature. Idiosoma carries 18 pairs of setae (2-2-2-4-4-4-4-4-2-4-4) and 5
pairs of lyriform organs. The dorsal plate is elongate (length/width ratio
2.0), covering less than half of the dorsal surfaces of the unengorged larvae.
The anterior margin of the plate is straight and wide, the posterior end is
narrow. Setae Fch are longer and thicker than trichobothria Fp and Oi; setae
Pi, and Pe are subequal. The anal plate may be split into several fragments,
sometimes it is reduced completely. Coxae of legs I and II are rather small
and triangular; coxae III are large and quadrangular. The pedipalpal tarsus
carries three large plumose setae of different length, a single solenidion and
four thin short and smooth setae. The larva of S. tridentatus is similar to
the larva of S. clupeifer, but differs by the structure of the
pedipalpal tarsus (S. clupeifer has two long and thick and five short setae;
two of the short setae are straight and serrate and one is bent and
pectinate).
Genus Sperchon Kramer, larval diagnosis: with larval
characters of the family Sperchontidae (Prasad, Cook, 1972); the idiosoma is
elongate, oval, with 18 pairs of setae; setae Fch usually are longer and
thicker than trichobothria Fp and Oi; setae Pe and Pi are approximately equal
in length; coxae of legs II are usually with one seta (C3) or with none (S.
setiger); the cheliceral stylet has hair-like processes and one subapical
denticle; the pedipalpal tarsus has one solenidion and 5–7 simple setae.
KEYWORDS: Sperchontidae, Sperchon tridentatus, water
mites, larva.
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The evolution of the supplementary apparatus in
tobrilids (Nematoda: Enoplida, Tobrilidae)
S.J. Tsalolikhin
Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.
Petersburg 199034, Russia. e-mail: nematoda@zin.ru
SUMMARY: The evolution of the supplementary apparatus in
tobrilid nematodes is directed towards a decline in the number of supplements
and intensification of their functions (in accordance with Dogiel’s principle
of oligomerization of homologous organs). As a result of this process an
optimum ratio is established between the capture ring of the male, which is
formed at the moment of copulation (when the male winds the precloacal part of
its body with the supplements around the female) and the circumference of the
female body in the region of the vulva. This ratio (coefficient #/$) for the
family is on the average 1.18 ± 0.06. The lower tobrilids have more than 6
supplements. The process of oligomerization occurs due to reduction of one of
the middle supplements. In the higher tobrilids the normal number of
supplements is constant and nearly always equals 6. As an exception there are
species with 5 supplements, e.g. Epitobrilus medius. In the process of the
evolution the reduction of the last weakly developed supplement 6 can be
observed, e. g. in E. andrassyi. The supplementary row remains non-oligomerized
in those species where there are fewer males than females. Analyzing the value
of the coefficient #/$ one should take into account the notable polymorphism
of the populations of the majority of tobrilid species.
KEYWORDS: Nematodes, Tobrilidae, supplementary
apparatus, oligomerisation.
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Type specimens of pelagic amphipods (Crustacea:
Amphipoda) described by J.A. Birstein and M.E. Vinogradov, deposited in the
Zoological Museum of Moscow State University
G.M. Vinogradov1, M.E. Vinogradov2
1 A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS,
Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia. e-mail: egor@ocean.ru
2 P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Nakhimovsky
pr. 36, Moscow 117997, Russia. e-mail: michvin@ocean.ru
Abstract: This article focuses on the list of 62 type
specimens of pelagic amphipods (Gammaridea and Hyperiidea) described by J.A.
Birstein and M.E. Vinogradov and deposited in the Zoological Museum of Moscow
State University. Catalogue numbers and other relevant information, which
sometimes are absent in initial publications, are given for each type
specimen.
Keywords: Amphipoda, Gammaridea, Hyperiidea, pelagic
species, type specimens.
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Distribution of benthic communities of invertebrates
in the southern basin of Lake Baikal
L.S. Kravtsova1, 3, T.G. Potemkina1, I.V.
Mekhanikova1, L.A. Izhboldina1, T.A. Akinshina2, K.V. Varykhanova2
1 Limnological Institute SB RAS, Ulan-Batorskaya 3,
Irkutsk 664033, Russia.
2 Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx 1, Irkutsk 664000,
Russia. 3 e-mail: lk@lin.irk.ru
ABSTRACT: The distribution of benthic invertebrate
assemblages in the southern basin of Lake Baikal has been analysed using the
method of principal components. The structure of invertebrate assemblages is
strongly associated with geological and geomorphological irregularities the
Lake Baikal bottom.
KEYWORDS: invertebrate assemblages, environmental
factors, Lake Baikal.
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How many clonal species are there in the world.
Part 2. Cloning in nature and its role in formation of biodiversity
S.D. Grebelnyi
Zoological Institute, Universitetskaya naberezhnaya, 1,
Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia. e-mail: actinia@zin.ru
ABSTRACT: In the regions where fauna and flora have been
exposed to recent consi-derable climatic shifts, there is a pretty good number
of clonal forms in many plant and animalian taxa. Within the groups, which are
capable of non-recombinating reproduction, the rapid increase in number of
«species» happens through formation of new usually highly heterozygous clones,
which are able to disperse to unoccupied lands (e.g. free geographical
localities or ecological niches). The main source of new clonal forms (apart
from some contribution produced by mutations) is extant populations of
bisexual species, which, owing to recombination, can quickly generate a rich
spectrum of variability by means of new allelic combinations. Possessing a
rich genotypic diversity species are able to wide scale of environmental
conditions and they can survive in spite of considerable climatic changes.
However, due to the genetic polymorphism of the species, the proportion of
individuals well adapted to given conditions is rather low. As to the clones,
they are of a very low evolutionary potency compared to ancestral bisexual
populations. At the same time, the successful clones are entirely composed of
elite individuals that are most adapted to the current environment. Only those
clonal animals and plants do well within most of a species range whereas
bisexual populations are forced to settle in refuges of rather restricted
space and unstable environmental conditions, where they succeed to survive due
to their much higher evolutionary potency, caused by genetic polymorphism.
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New benthopelagic bradfordian calanoids (Crustacea:
Copepoda) from the Pacific Ocean with comments on generic relationships
E.L. Markhaseva 1, Frank D. Ferrari 2
1 Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute;
Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034, St. Petersburg Russia. e-mail: copepoda@zin.ru
2 Department of Invertebrate Zoology (MRC 534); National
Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington D.C. 20560
U.S.A. e-mail: Ferrari.Frank@MSC.SI.EDU
ABSTRACT: Three new bradfordian genera, and Rythabis
heptneri sp.n. and R. schulzi sp.n. are described. Brodskius gen.n. has a
narrow mandibular gnathobase with 2 distinct incisions separating groups of
teeth, maxilla 1 with 1 long, thick and heavily setulated seta on proximal
basal endite and 2 such setae on distal basal endite plus endopod, and setae
on the distal basal endite of maxilla 1 inseparable from those of endopod. The
new genus includes species formerly known as Amallothrix robustipes Grice,
Hulsemann, 1965 and Xanthocalanus paululus Park, 1970, and B.
benthopelagicus sp.n. and B. confusus sp.n., the latter proposed for the
paratypes of Xanthocalanus paraincertus Grice, Hulsemann, 1965 which are not
conspecific with the holotype. An unnamed male of Brodskius is also described.
Xanthocalanus hispidus Grice, Hulsemann, 1967 is not a synonym of B. paululus.
Byrathis gen.n., has the proximal 2 terminal setae on
praecoxal endite of maxilla 1 curved proximally, and includes Xanthocalanus
macrocephalon Grice, Hulsemann, 1970, B. volcani sp.n., and B. laurenae sp.n.;
a poorly-preserved, unnamed female of Byrathis also is described. Omorius
gen.n. with the 3rd and 4th setae on the praecoxal endite of maxilla 1 thin
and slightly curved is established for Omorius atypicus sp.n. Indistinctly
separated groups of setae of the praecoxal endites of the maxilliped is a
synapomorphy of Rythabis.
Evolutionary relationships of the new genera to several
known bradfordian genera are inferred from an initial loss of one or two setae
on the distal praecoxal endite of the maxilliped followed by transformations
of sclerotized setae on all praecoxal endites of the maxilliped, and the loss
of setae and arthrodial membranes to the exopod of antenna 2. Different
pelagic or benthopelagic ancestors to the genera comprising both Phaennidae
and Scolecitrichidae suggest these pelagic families are not their own closest
relatives. Adaptation to detritivory appears to have resulted in the
significant morphological variability of bradfordian calanoid copepods.
KEYWORDS: bradfordian copepods, new species, sensory
setae, evolutionary relationships.
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Redescription of Parantipathes euantha (Pasternak,
1958) (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from Kurile-Kamchatka Trench
T.N. Molodtsova 1, F.A. Pasternak
1 P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Nakhimovsky pr.
36, 117218 Moscow, Russia. e-mail: tina@sio.rssi.ru
ABSTRACT: A redescription of the deep-sea antipatharian
Parantipathes euantha (Pasternak, 1958) from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench is
provided. P. euantha differs from the species previously reported in the genus
by its less densely set pinnules, which are arranged in semispiral groups of
three and by its large polyps up to 2.5–3 mm in transversal diameter. Some
details of the microscopical anatomy of P. euantha and also the composition
and geographical distribution of the genus Parantipathes Brook, 1889 are
discussed. The key for 7 species of the genus Parantipathes is provided.
KEYWORDS: Schizopathidae, Parantipathes, composition of
the genus.
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Lumbrineridae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Sea of
Okhotsk
N.E. Budaeva
P.P. Shirshov Instituite of
Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky Ave., 36, Moscow 117997
Russia. e-mail: nbudaeva@ocean.ru
ABSTRACT: Eleven species of the polychaete family
Lumbrineridae Malmgren, 1867 are reported from the Sea of Okhotsk. Ten species
belong to four genera: Lumbrineris Blainville, 1828, Errano Kinberg, 1865,
Paraninoe Levenstein, 1977 and Scoletoma Blainville, 1828, while one species,
Lumbrineridae gen. sp., is of uncertain taxonomic status. Paraninoe abyssalis
Imajima et Higuchi, 1975 is reported for the first time for the Russian fauna.
Errano sp., Lumbrineris sp. 1, Lumbrineris sp. 2, and Lumbrineridae gen. sp.
have never been reported from the Sea of Okhotsk and probably are new species.
Lumbrineris heteropoda (Marenzeller, 1879) and Lumbrineris minuta (Théel,
1879) are included in the genus Scoletoma Blainville, 1828. Scoletoma
impatiens (Claparède, 1868), Lumbrineris latreilli (Audouin et Milne-Edwards,
1834) and Errano abyssicola (Uschakov, 1950) were previously reported from the
Sea of Okhotsk by Ushakov (1955) but not found in the present study.
KEYWORDS: Polychaeta, Lumbrineridae, Sea of Okhotsk,
fauna, taxonomy, distribution.
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Astogeny of Cribrilina annulata (Fabricius, 1780) (Bryozoa:
Cheilostomata): the standard and the anomalies
E.B. Yagunova
Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biology and Soil
Science Faculty, St.-Petersburg state university, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9,
St.-Petersburg, 199034 Russia. e-mail: katrin.home@mail.ru
ABSTRACT: About 6000 young colonies of Cribrilina
annulata (Fabricius, 1780) were collected from different substrates during
consecutive summer seasons of 2000 – 2002s in the White and Barents seas. All
colonies have been mapped. After analysing budding pattern, the theoretical
morphospace of the structure of early astogenesis zone has been described.
Then the number of theoretically possible types of structures has been
determined. For the collected colonies the number of realized structures has
been counted and, thus, the empirical morphospace of early astogenesis zone
has been described as well. It has been demonstrated that only a small part of
all theoretically possible colony structures are realized in nature, the
proportion of the realized variants decreasing with the increase of the number
of zooids in the colony. The frequencies of the discovered structure variants
turned out to be considerably different. The astogenesis leading to the most
common colony structure has been called the “modal astogenesis”.
The “ideal” astogenesis has been constructed on the
assumption of “the perfect precision” of the budding process (synchronized
development of all the possible buds). The “ideal” and the “modal” astogenesis
have been shown to coincide. So, the diversity of colony structures can be
interpreted as a result of fluctuations, accidental deviations from the
“ideal” budding mode. This means that the observed plasticity of the colony
formity in early development of C. annulata is not adaptive but random.
Furthermore, the analysis of the structure variants in collected colonies
suggests that the colonies most divergent from the “ideal” ones lack vitality
and die.
KEYWORDS: modular construction, astogeny, Bryozoa,
Cribrilina annulata.
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Reproduction and development of the prosobranch
gastropod mollusks of Caecidae family in Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan)
K.G. Kolbin 1, V.A. Kulikova
Institute of Marine Biology, Far-Eastern Branch of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo St., 17, 690041, Vladivostok,
Russia. 1e-mail: kolbin_imb@mail.ru
Abstract: Reproduction and development of the
prosobranch gastropod molluscs of Caecidae family, Brochina derjugini Golikov
(Golikov et Scarlato, 1967) and Fartulum bucerius Golikov (Golikov et Scarlato,
1967) have been investigated in vitro for the first time. In Vostok Bay (Peter
the Great Bay) these species breed in July at 17–20°C water temperature. Both
species have internal fertilization, and ontogenesis includes formation of egg
masses, from which larvae come out to plankton in the stage of veliger. These
two species have similar spawning time, rate of development, morphology of
larvae and sculpture of proto- and teleoconch, which indicates their close
relationship and allows us to include them to Caecum genus as two subgenera.
KEYWORDS: Caecidae, larvae, egg mass, ontogenesis,
protoconch, teleoconch.
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Feeding of hydromedusae Bougainvillia superciliaris
(L. Agassiz, 1849) under experimental conditions (in the White Sea)
A.A. Prudkovsky
Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Moscow State
University, Vorobjevy Gory, Moscow 119992 Russia. e-mail: andand79@mail.ru
ABSTRACT: Medusae are important consumers of zooplankton
in the sea. Hydromedusae Bougainvillia superciliaris is a mass form in the
White Sea. Their feeding in experimental conditions depends on zooplankton
concentration and environment temperature. Digestion time decreases at high
temperature: t = 7,4–0,38*T, T — temperature (°Ñ), t — digestion time (h).
Ingestion rate of medusae increases at high concentration of prey: lg Rs =
0,44 + 0,62*lg C, Rs — ingest rate (prey/medusae*24 h), C — prey concentration
(ind/l). Ingestion rate is highest at concentration of 1000 prey/l. These
changes in digestion and ingestion rates allow B. superciliaris to feed
effectively close to the sea surface with abundant but patchily distributed
zooplankton.
KEYWORDS: Hydromedusae, Bougainvillia superciliaris,
feeding, day ration, zooplankton, White Sea.
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Naupliar evolutionary novelties of Stenhelia
peniculata (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from Alaska affirming taxa belonging to
different categorial rank
Hans-Uwe Dahms 1, Nikolaos V. Schizas 2, Thomas C.
Shirley 3
1Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST),
Department of Biology, Coastal Marine Lab (CML), Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong,
SAR – China. e-mail: hansd@ust.hk
2Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto
Rico, Mayagüez Campus Isla Magueyes Laboratories, P.O. Box 908, Lajas, PR
00667, Puerto Rico. e-mail: n_schizas@cima.uprm.edu
3Juneau Center, School of Fisheries & Ocean Sciences,
University of Alaska Fairbanks, 11120 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801, U.S.A.
e-mail: Tom.Shirley@uaf.edu
ABSTRACT: All six naupliar stages of Stenhelia
peniculata (Lang, 1965) from Auke Bay near Juneau (Alaska) are described.
Naupliar morphology within the Stenheliinae differs among species and even
more at supraspecific level. Nauplii of S. peniculata are characterized by the
following apomorphies compared to the only other species of Stenhelia where
nauplii have been studied, namely S. palustris (cf. Dahms, Bresciani, 1993):
third antennal segment bears three (S. peniculata) or two (S. palustris)
medial setae at the third naupliar stage; mandibular endopod with three or
four setae on outer lateral field at the sixth naupliar stage; no spinulation
on mandibular exopod or strong spinulation; first maxilla with three or two
setae. The nauplii of both these stenheliid species differ from those of
Pseudostenhelia wellsi Coull, Fleeger, 1977 by the terminal seta of the first
antenna, which is as long as the third segment (Stenhelia) or being three
times as long as the third segment (Pseudostenhelia); the four middle setae of
the antennal endopod are of regular size (Stenhelia), instead of two of the
four being much longer; the proximal seta of the mandibular exopod being long
instead of being short (Pseudostenhelia); their endopod having an outer
lateral field with one long seta (Stenhelia) instead of having three long
setae. A reaffirmation of the Stenheliinae Brady, 1880 is supported by the
following stenheliinid apomorphies in the morphology of the nauplii (as
evidenced from a comparison of Stenhelia and Pseudostenhelia, with all other
oligoarthran harpacticoid nauplii as an outgroup): lateral edge of the
naupliar shield bears protuberances on either side (Stenheliinae) instead of
no protuberance (Oligoarthra); masticatory process of the second antenna is
peculiarly fan-shaped distally (Stenheliinae) instead of tapering terminally (Oligoarthra);
antennal exopod strongly developed, three-segmented and upwardly curved (Stenheliinae)
instead of being four-segmented and never strongly developed (Oligoarthra);
the whole mandible is of peculiar shape and orientation (Stenheliinae) instead
of being common (Oligoarthra); the posterolateral field of the mandibular
endopod bears a remarkable strong, inner spinulose spine (Stenheliinae)
instead of lacking such spine (Oligoarthra); the three distal exopodal setae
are of unique structure (Stenheliinae).
KEYWORDS: postembryonic development, morphology, key to
stages, phylogeny.
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New species of symbiotic scaleworms Asterophilia
(Polychaeta, Polynoidae) from Vietnam
Temir A. Britayev 1, Kristian Fauchald 2
1 A.N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution
Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, 117071 Moscow, Russia. e-mail:
temir@invert.sevin.msk.ru
2 Department of Zoology, National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, NHB MRC 0163, Washington, DC
20013–7012, USA. e-mail: Fauchald@si.edu
ABSTRACT: During the observation of fauna associated
with starfishes performed at the shallow coastal waters of Vietnam (South
China Sea, Nhatrang Bay) in 1985, 1987, 1988 and 1999, the new species of
symbiotic scaleworm was found. The species is similar to Asterophilia carlae,
but differs in elytra with distinctive frontal pockets and micropapillae, and
in middle neurochaetae with serrated edge and without enlarged basal row of
serrations (semilunar pocket). The specimens were associated with starfishes
Culcita novaeguineae, Protoreaster nodosus, Linckia laevigata, and with
unidentified unstalked crinoids. Worms have been located on the ventral
surface of starfishes or hidden in ambulacral grooves. Each infested host
harbored 1 or 2 specimens of scaleworm. The prevalence of host infestation was
very low in all host species and counted in C. novaeguineae. It varied from
3.3% to 13% with average meaning 8.5% (n = 188). Females were slightly larger
than males. This is the first record of Asterophilia species at the coast of
Vietnam and the first record of symbiotic polychaete associated with wide
spread tropical starfish Culcita novaeguineae and the fifth symbiotic
polychaetes recorded in Vietnamese coastal waters.
Keywords: symbiosis, polychaetes, scaleworms, sea
stars, Vietnam.
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Spiculammina delicata gen. et sp. n., a new
xenophyophore from the eastern Pacific (Psamminidae)
O.E. Kamenskaya
P.P. Shirshov Instituite of Oceanology,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky Ave., 36, Moscow 117997, Russia.
e-mail: okamenskaya@ocean.ru
ABSTRACT: A new genus and new species of
xenophyophores is described from the abyssal depths of the eastern Pacific.
The presence of external xenophyae arranged in a surface layer and internal
xenophyae in the lumen of tubular test allow us to attribute Spiculammina
delicata gen. et sp. n. to Psamminidae. The new genus is distinguished from
other genera of the family by tree-like form of the test.
KEYWORDS: abyssal fauna, Protista, xenophyophores,
Spiculammina delicata gen. et sp. n., taxonomy, Pacific Ocean.
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On the systematic position of some recent brachiopod
species from the Norfolk Ridge (West Pacific)
O.N. Zezina
P.P. Shirshov Instituite of Oceanology, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Nakhimovsky Ave., 36, Moscow 117997, Russia. e-mail: kap@sio.rssi.ru
ABSTRACT: Five species of brachiopods were found in 7
samples obtained during the cruise NORFOLK 2. These species were known before
from this region. Four of these species are common and are considered as
markers of the deep-sea biofilter, distributed globally in the upper bathyal
of continental slopes and seamounts. This deep-sea biofilter remains poorly
explored at low latitudes of the Western Pacific. The systematic position of
examined species has been clarified. Neoancistrocrania norfolki Laurin, 1992
is included in the family Valdiviathyrididae Helmcke, 1940. Stenosarina
crosnieri (Cooper, 1983) is relocated to the genus Dallithyris Muir-Wood,
1959. A new genus, Laurinia gen. n., was established after the study of soft
tissues of Fallax neocaledonensis Laurin, 1997.
KEYWORDS: Brachiopods, deep-sea biofilter, new genus
Laurinia.
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Morphometric differentiation in euphausiid,
Thysanoessa raschii (Crustacea, Euphausiacea), from the Barents and Laptev
Seas
S.F. Timofeev
Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Kola Science
Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladimirskaya St., 17, Murmansk, 183010,
Russia, e-mail: timofeev@an.ru
ABSTRACT: We examined the morphometric differentiation
in Arctic krill, Thysanoessa raschii (M. Sars, 1846), collected in the Barents
and Laptev Seas. At the same total body length, the lengths of the carapace,
abdomen and telson were different in euphausiids from the two populations. It
is suggested that a shorter abdomen length and longer carapace and telson in
the Laptev Sea versus the Barents Sea specimens may be a reaction to
unfavourable conditions, especially food scarcity.
KEYWORDS: euphausiid crustaceans, Thysanoessa raschii,
allometric growth.
(in Russian with English Summary)
Fine structure of sensory organs in chaetognaths. 1.
Ciliary fence receptors, ñiliary tuft receptors and ciliary loop
V.V. Malakhov, T.L. Berezinskaya, K.A. Solovyev
Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology,
Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
ABSTRACT: The ultrastructural characteristics of ciliary
fence receptors, ciliary tuft receptors and ciliary loop were studied in
chaetognats Parasagitta elegans and Serratosagitta pseudoserratodentata. Two
types of ciliary fence receptors were described as ciliary fence receptors and
ciliary tuft receptors. Ciliary fence receptors are short cross series of
monociliary cells with unusual inflated non-striated roots. Ciliary tuft
receptors are the group of short longitudinal series of monociliary cells with
long striated roots. Ciliary loop is a gutter in integumentary epithelium.
Ciliary loop subdivided into an internal canal filled with inflated
electron-lucent microvilli, and an external part carrying cilia. Possible
functions of studied organs are discussed: Ciliary tuft receptors are proposed
to be the tactile receptors whereas ciliary fence receptors are probably
responsible for the perception of different oscillation frequencies. Ciliary
loop function may be analogous to the function of fish lateral line system.
KEYWORDS: Ñhaetognatha, sensory organs, ciliary fence
receptors, ciliary tuft receptors, ciliary loop, Parasagitta elegans,
Serratosagitta pseudoserratodentata.
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How many clonal species are there in the world. Part 1.
The difference between clonal forms and bisexual species
S.D. Grebelnyi
Zoological Institute, Universitetskaya naberezhnaya, 1,
Saint-Petersburg 199034 Russia. e-mail: actinia@zin.ru
ABSTRACT: When using the term “sexual reproduction” we
usually forget that sexual process is not directly bound up with reproduction.
Being the main instrument of genetic recombination, in mammals and birds it
takes place in every generation and supports the diversity of genotypes. In
other cases (Daphniidae, Daphniiformes, Crustacea; Aphididae, Homoptera) it
only periodically restores the genetic diversity, which is inevitably lost by
population while it reproduces by parthenogenesis. As a result, the population
gradually converges to a mixture of a limited number of clones, each of which
being comprised of genetically identical individuals. Switching over to
long-term parthenogenesis (or other kind of reproduction without
recombination) leads to emergence of genetically isolated, generally
all-female races. The examples of such phenomenon are the beetles (Otiorhynchus,
Curculionidae, and Ptinus, Ptinidae), butterflies (Solenobia, Psychidae),
grasshoppers (Saga, Tettigoniidae, and Warramaba, Eumastacidae), woodlice (Trichoniscus,
Trichoniscidae, Isopoda, Crustacea). Many of them, having acquired some
karyological differences from their closest bisexual relatives, are often
considered as separate clonal or hemiclonal species (for example,
parthenogenetic lizards of the genera Cnemidophorus, Teiidae; Leiolepis,
Uromastycinae; Lacerta, Darevskia, Lacertidae; Heteronotia, Gekkonidae;
gynogenetic and hybridogenetic fishes Poecilia and Poeciliopsis, Poeciliidae;
caudate amphibian Ambystoma, Ambystomatidae; very common European frog Rana
esculenta. Most of non-recombinating races or species are characterized by
higher heterozygosity and viability, many of them being of hybridogenous
origin. The study of meiosis in parthenogenetic organisms makes it possible to
understand the cause of competitive success of such forms in nature and
fragility of clones obtained from “normal” bisexual species in the laboratory.
The fact is that the animals and plants, which in natural conditions do not
have true sexual reproduction, nevertheless pass all their chromosome set (or
only a part of it) to their offspring in completely unmodified condition. The
necessary condition of successful cloning is a deep deformation of
gametogenesis, which disrupts recombination. That preserves the most favorable
combinations of characters, which, having arisen by chance, succeeded in
clonal competition. By examining different mechanisms of stoppage of
recombination in nature (parthenogenesis, gynogenesis, hybridogenesis et
ctr.), we elicit the most general features of clones as well as their
advantages and limitations in comparison with bisexual Mayr’s “biological
species”.
KEYWORDS: clonal competition, all-female races,
unisexual species, stoppage of recombination, parthenogenesis, gynogenesis,
hybridogenesis, apomixis, geographic distribution of polyploids, “biological
species”, climatic changes.
(in Russian with English Summary)
Ya. I. Starobogatov
(1932-2004)
V.V. Malakhov, S.D. Stepaniants
(in Russian)
Fine morphology of larvae of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from
the White Sea
E.V. Bogomolova, V.V. Malakhov
Department of Invertebrate Zoology,
Biology Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
ABSTRACT: External morphology of
pycnogonid larvae (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida) of four species with different
types of postembryonic development was studied with scanning electron
microscopy. The first type is characterized by the following features: the
larvae hatch at the protonymphon stage; larval body length varies between 100
and 200 mm; early larvae stay attached to male’s ovigerous legs; later they
become ectoparasites of hydrozoans. Two species, Achelia borealis (Schimkewitsch,
1895) (Ammotheidae) and Nymphon longitarse (Kröyer, 1845) (Nymphonidae) belong
to the first type. The second type has the following set of characters: the
larvae hatch at protonymphon stage; larvae are extremely small (about 50 mm);
after hatching, they leave male and start endopararasitiñ
life on hydrozoans; larvae lack spinning spines and web glands. Phoxichilidium
femoratum (Rathke, 1799) (Phoxichilidiidae) belongs to the second type. The
third type is characterized by hatching of the big-size (up to 300 mm)
lecitotrophic larvae with the buds of the walking legs (i.e. the first
postembryonic stage does not correspond to the protonymphon stage of other
species) staying attached to the ovigers of male up to late development
stages. Pseudopallene spinipes (Fabricius, 1780) (Callipallenidae) belongs to
the third type. The newly hatched larvae were studied in all the four species.
The following structures are described: elaboration by small denticles on
chela fingers, on spinning spines and on terminal segments of second and third
legs of protonymphon; pores of proboscidean glands and of chela glands (the
latter are described in P. spinipes too; for larvae with the third type of
development chela glands have not been found before). Larvae have sensilla of
different shape (simple or ramified into 2 to 4 hairs, smooth or plumose). The
structure of sensilla can vary in different specimens of the same species and
even in the same specimen. Protonymphon larvae show regular arrangement of
sensilla. Number of lsensilla correlates with size of the protonymphon larva.
Pycnogonid larvae have bilaterally arranged slit-like pores of integumentary
glands. More advanced larvae (investigated in A. borealis and P. spinipes)
bear long setae on the cuticle of legs. The number of sensilla and slit-like
pores increases from stage to stage while the regularity of their arrangement
disappears. In A. borealis, coupled pores appear on ventral side close to
bases of the first and (later) second walking legs. They are supposed to be
external openings of enigmatic ventral organs associated with developing
ventral ganglia.
KEYWORDS: Pycnogonida, sea spiders,
postembryonic development, larvae, fine morphology.
(in Russian with English Summary)
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Exclusion of the Polyarthra from Harpacticoida and its reallocation as an
underived branch of the Copepoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea)
Hans-Uwe Dahms
Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology/ Dept. Biology — Coastal Marine Lab/ Kowloon — Clearwater Bay/ Hong
Kong/ SAR China. e-mail: hansd@ust.hk
ABSTRACT: There is no reasonable
autapomorphy, either from the naupliar or the adult organization, which
justifies a monophylum Harpacticoida (sensu Lang, 1948). This implies a
paraphyletic situation of this taxon, comprising two independent monophyletic
taxa, the Polyarthra and the Oligoarthra. To solve this problem, the present
study will provide justifying arguments for the exclusion of the taxon
Polyarthra from the Harpacticoida, which then is exclusively represented by
the monophylum Oligoarthra. When Polyarthra are excluded from the
Harpacticoida, than Oligoarthra share the following naupliar synapomorphies:
postmaxillar limbs widely spaced, antennal coxa with strong gnathobase,
antennal endopodite elongate, mandibular endopodite an elongate process. Based
on naupliar characters, Polyarthra are allocated as an underived taxon of the
Copepoda, sharing with all other Copepoda the following naupliar characters:
antennule 5-segmented, antennal exopodal segments increase from 6 at N I to a
final number of 9 at N IV, antennal endopodite is 1-segmented, maxilla absent,
swimming performance and life history, dorsocaudal process, antennule segment
homologues, larger number of segments in naupliar antennal endo- and
exopodites.
KEYWORDS: nauplii, development,
phylogenetic systematics, ß-systematics, evolution, Polyarthra, Harpacticoida,
Copepoda.
(in English with Russian Summary)
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The first occurrence of the Tantulocarida for the White Sea
P.N. Kornev
Department of Invertebrate Zoology,
Biology Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
ABSTRACT: Two species of
Tantulocarida (Crustacea, Maxillopoda) belonging to the families Microdajidae
and Basipodellidae and parasitisiting on copepods and tanaidaceans were found
at the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea. This is the first report of
Tantulocarida for the White Sea, as well as other Russian seas. Morphology of
the tantulus larva, male and parthenogenetic female of Microdajus sp. (Microdajidae)
was examined.
KEYWORDS: Tantulocarida, Microdajus,
Tanaidacea, parasitism.
(in Russian with English Summary)
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The
interstitial Polychaeta of Russian Seas
E.A. Mastepanova
Department of Invertebrate
Zoology, Biology Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
e-mail: helianata@rambler.ru
ABSTRACT: 52 species of interstitial
polychaetes are found in seas of Russia. 20 species are found in the Black
Sea, 15 — in the White Sea, 13 — in the Barents Sea, 9 — in the Sea of Japan
and 5 — in other seas of the Far East. Baltic Sea is assumed to be inhabited
by no less than 11 species. There is no information on the interstitial
polychaetes in the Azov Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea,
East Siberian Sea, the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk.
KEYWORDS: Polychaeta, interstitial
fauna.
(in Russian with English Summary)
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Population ecology
of two simpatric polychaetes, Lepidonotus squamatus and Harmothoe
imbricata (Polychaeta, Polynoidae), in the White Sea
Maria Plyuscheva
1, Daniel Martin
2, Temir Britayev
1
1 A. N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and
Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 117071,
Russia.
2 Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CSIC), carrer
d’accés a la Cala Sant Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes (Girona), Catalunya (Spain).
e-mail: dani@ceab.csic.es
ABSTRACT: Under the critical
environmental conditions of the White Sea, Lepidonotus squamatus and Harmothoe
imbricata coexist in the same habitat, often showing recurrent alternations in
dominance. L. squamatus is a long-living, slow growing broadcast spawner,
while H. imbricata is a short-living and quick growing species, with complex
reproductive behaviour. These different life strategies may allow them to
respond in a different way to the environmental limitations of the study site,
this likely being the most appropriate explanation to the observed alternation
in dominance.
KEYWORDS: Population dynamics;
growth; scale-worms; the White Sea.
(in English with Russian Summary)
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Redescription of two species of
the genus Leydigiopsis Sars, 1901 (Branchiopoda,
Anomopoda, Chydoridae
Artem Yu. Sinev
Department of Invertebrate Zoology,
Biology Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
ABSTRACT: The two insufficiently
known South American cladoceran species, Leydigiopsis curvirostris Sars, 1901
and Leydigiopsis megalops Sars, 1901, were redescribed from the type material.
Detailed morphology of the trunk limbs of these species and morphology of male
L. megalops were studied for the first time. Species of the genus Leydigiopsis
combine clearly plesiomorphic characters — primitive morphology of head pores,
male postabdomen similar to that in females, and apomorphic characters — long
rostrum, antennules of unusual morphology, broad postabdomen with well
developed postanal denticles. Analysis of morphology suggests that
Leydigiopsis belongs to the group of the small tropical genera, like Euryalona,
Tretocephala, long ago separated from the main trend of Aloninae and retain
numerous plesiomorphic characters.
KEYWORDS: Cladocera, Leydigiopsis,
morphology, systematics.
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Distinctive
features of the microscopical anatomy
and ultrastructure of the metanephridia Phoronopsis harmeri Pixell, 1912 (Phoronida,
Lophophorata
E.N. Temereva, V.V. Malakhov
Department of Invertebrate
Zoology, Biology Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
ABSTRACT: The microscopical anatomy
of metanephridia Phoronopsis harmeri (Phoronida) was described. Sexual
dimorphism in the structure of the distal parts of metanephridia was found and
described. Female metanephridium has two ciliated funnels, whereas male
metanephridium has only one. Description of the fine structure of all
metanephridial parts (funnel, ascending and descending branches) was given.
Epithelium of the nephrostome consists of myoepithelial cells with myofibrils
in the apical parts of the cells. Miofibrils are also found in the apical and
basal parts of cells of the ascending metanephridial branch. The differences
between the fine structure of the ascending and descending metanephridial
branches were found and described. Epithelial cells of the descending branch
contain many cisterns of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, but these
cells practically lack mitochondria. In contrast, epithelial cells of the
ascending branch have many mitochondria and very few cisterns of the
endoplasmic reticulum. These differences were discussed in the view of
different functions of ascending and descending metanephridial parts.
KEYWORDS: Phoronida, ultrastructure,
metanephridium.
(in Russian with English Summary)
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